What are vacuum pressure sintering and pressureless sintering?
**1. Vacuum pressure sintering**
Vacuum pressure sintering is a sintering process performed under vacuum and with a certain gas pressure.
1. **Working principle**:
- First, place the material to be sintered in a vacuum sintering furnace, evacuate the furnace to remove air and other impurities, create a low-oxygen or oxygen-free environment, and reduce the oxidation of the material during the sintering process.
- Then, at a certain temperature, introduce a specific gas (such as argon and other inert gases) into the furnace and apply a certain gas pressure. The effect of gas pressure can promote the densification process of the material and better combine the material particles. Under the combined action of high temperature and gas pressure, the diffusion rate of atoms inside the material is accelerated, and the pores between the particles are gradually reduced, thereby achieving the densification sintering of the material.
2. **Main features**:
- High product quality: Since sintering is performed under vacuum and a specific gas pressure, the oxidation of the material and the mixing of impurities can be effectively reduced, thereby obtaining a high-purity, high-performance sintered product. For example, when sintering ceramic materials, ceramic products with high density and excellent mechanical properties can be obtained.
- Wide application range: Suitable for sintering of various materials, including ceramics, cemented carbide, intermetallic compounds, etc. For some materials that are difficult to sinter, vacuum pressure sintering can provide better sintering conditions and promote the densification of materials.
- Complex process control: It is necessary to accurately control multiple parameters such as vacuum degree, air pressure, temperature, etc., and the equipment and operation technology requirements are high.
3. **Application fields**:
- High-end ceramic products: such as high-performance ceramic tools, electronic ceramics, etc.
- Carbide tools: such as cutting tools, mining tools, etc.
- Aerospace materials: some intermetallic compounds and ceramic-based composite materials with extremely high performance requirements.
**Second, pressureless sintering**
Pressureless sintering is a sintering process carried out under normal pressure (i.e., no additional air pressure is applied).
1. **Working principle**:
- Place the material in an ordinary sintering furnace, in an atmospheric environment or a specific atmosphere environment (such as an inert atmosphere, a reducing atmosphere, etc.), and increase the temperature to cause physical and chemical changes such as diffusion and bonding between the material particles, thereby achieving material densification. In this process, the sintering is mainly promoted by the surface energy of the material itself and the diffusion effect between particles.
2. **Main features**:
- Simple equipment: Compared with vacuum pressure sintering, the equipment required for pressureless sintering is simpler and the cost is lower.
- Convenient operation: The process is relatively simple, does not require a complex air pressure control system, and is easy to operate and maintain.
- However, the sintering temperature is usually high and the time is long: due to the lack of external air pressure assistance, the densification process of the material is relatively slow, and higher temperatures and longer times are required to achieve the required density.
3. **Application areas**:
- Traditional ceramic products: such as daily ceramics, building ceramics, etc.
- Some powder metallurgy products that do not have particularly high performance requirements.
- Some special ceramic materials can also be sintered by pressureless sintering when the cost requirements are low.
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