What effects does vacuum sintering have on the structure and properties of cemented carbide?
Vacuum sintering has the following important effects on the structure and performance of cemented carbide:
**I. Structure**
1. Reducing porosity:
- Sintering in a vacuum environment can effectively remove the gas in the cemented carbide powder compact, including adsorbed air, moisture, and volatile substances generated during the sintering process. This greatly reduces the porosity of the sintered cemented carbide products.
- The low-porosity structure is more compact, which improves the strength and hardness of the cemented carbide. For example, in cutting tool applications, low-porosity cemented carbide tools can withstand greater cutting forces and reduce the risk of chipping.
2. Grain refinement:
- Vacuum sintering can reduce the sintering temperature and slow down the growth rate of grains compared to sintering in an atmospheric environment. This helps to obtain a finer grain size.
- Fine grains can increase the number of grain boundaries in cemented carbide and improve the strength and toughness of the material. For example, in mining tools, cemented carbide drills with refined grains have better wear resistance and impact resistance.
3. Improve the distribution of the bonding phase:
- For cemented carbides with metals such as cobalt (Co) as the bonding phase, vacuum sintering can promote the uniform distribution of the bonding phase between the hard phase (such as tungsten carbide WC) particles.
- The uniformly distributed bonding phase can improve the overall performance of cemented carbide and enhance the bonding force between the hard phase and the bonding phase. For example, in mold manufacturing, cemented carbide molds with uniformly distributed bonding phases have higher precision and longer service life.
**II. Performance**
1. Improve hardness:
- The hardness of cemented carbide after vacuum sintering is significantly improved due to its dense structure, low porosity and refined grains.
- High-hardness cemented carbide can better resist wear and maintain a sharp cutting edge during cutting, grinding and other processing processes. For example, in high-speed cutting, high-hardness cemented carbide tools can process materials with higher hardness and improve processing efficiency and quality.
2. Enhance strength:
- The dense structure and uniform distribution of the bonding phase enhance the strength of cemented carbide, including bending strength and compressive strength.
- In applications with large loads, such as heavy-duty cutting in mechanical processing and rock drilling tools in mining, high-strength cemented carbide can ensure the reliability and safety of the tools.
3. Improve wear resistance:
- Cemented carbide after vacuum sintering has higher hardness and more uniform structure, which greatly improves its wear resistance.
- In friction and wear environments, such as mechanical seals, bearings and other fields, high-wear-resistant cemented carbide can extend the service life of components and reduce maintenance and replacement costs.
4. Improve oxidation resistance:
- Sintering in a vacuum environment reduces the contact between cemented carbide and oxygen, thereby reducing the possibility of oxidation.
- Improves the oxidation resistance of cemented carbide in high temperature environments, so that it can still maintain good performance stability under high temperature working conditions. For example, in high-temperature components in the aerospace field, cemented carbide with good oxidation resistance can ensure the reliability and safety of components.
5. Optimize magnetic properties (for certain specific cemented carbides):
- For magnetic cemented carbides, vacuum sintering can improve their magnetic properties, such as increasing magnetic permeability and reducing coercivity.
- In the application fields of magnetic materials, such as motors, sensors, etc., optimized magnetic properties can improve the performance and efficiency of equipment.
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